Case Study - 2545 Words

Case Study Number 2 McKenzie Chavez What is the significance of each of D.W.’s laboratory findings? The tests that were run for the patient D.W. were performed to determine a diagnosis and treatment. Even though the disease systemic lupus erthematosus (SLE) doesn’t have a test that specifically diagnosis this diseases, there are test that are run to help with understand contributing factors. The significance of a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) titer is that 98% of people with systemic lupus test positive, even though it is not enough for a diagnosis of lupus (healthy individuals can test positive) it is a good indication along with other diagnostics test in the presence of lupus. The anti-double-stranded DNA antibody†¦show more content†¦How will D.W.’s treatment and care plan likely change? D.W.’s treatment will now be focused on treating her lupus nephritis. An emphasis on fluid retention in the assessment will play a big role in the new care plan. Lupus nephritis is treated with medications that suppress the immune system, so it stops attacki ng and damaging the kidneys. Standard treatment includes a corticosteroid, usually prednisone, to reduce inflammation in the kidneys. An immunosuppressive medication, such as cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate mofetil, is typically used with prednisone. Hydroxychloroquine, a medication for treating SLE, should also be prescribed or continued for people with lupus nephritis. Along with the use of medication lifestyle changes should complement treatment. D.W. should drink plenty of fluids, eat a low sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and protein diet, avoid smoking and drinking alcohol, exercise regularly, maintain a healthy blood pressure, and avoid NSAIDs. If renal failure worsens dialysis may be needed (smeltzer). What preventative measures should be instituted to protect D.W. at this time? Due to the patients acute exacerbation of her disease she now has lupus cerebritis. First the cause of the cerebritis is determined, it can be bacterial or secondary to SLE once this has been determined treatment can begin. Lupus cerebritis is most often treated by suppressing the autoimmune activity. When it is caused by infections,Show MoreRelatedCase Studies : A Case Study Approach Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesA case study is a specific instance that is frequently designed to illustrate a more general principle (Nisbet and Watt, 1984). Hitchock and Hughes (1995) further suggest that the case study approach is particularly valuable when the researcher has little control over evens. Case studies strives to portray ‘what it like’ to be a particular situation, to catch up reality and ‘thick description’ (Geertz, 1973) of participants’ lives experiences of, thoughts about a nd feelings for a situation. TheyRead MoreCase Study887 Words   |  4 PagesCHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Reasons choose the case 1.2 The Problems The problems of this case are: 1. 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Strategic Analysis (SWOT and PEST) of Elecdyne Free Essays

SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION As it is written in the case study about Elecdyne that the company is actually facing problems and is unable to grow itself since the last 2 years. Elecdyne is a Japanese company based in Tokyo and was established in 1990. They initially started with 5 employs and now it has 100 employs producing a range of Elecdyne products such as televisions, VCRs, DVD players, MP3 players, hi-fi equipment etc using technology licensed from a number of Japanese and European multinationals. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Analysis (SWOT and PEST) of Elecdyne or any similar topic only for you Order Now It currently supplies only to the Japanese market. The problems that Elecdyne is facing is the general threats (and opportunities) that is been created by an increasingly globalized business environment like innovations in the products, rapid increase in the technology and changing in the nature of competition. Now the company needs to focus on how it will come out of this situation through an analysis and SWOT analysis will give a brief idea about the company’s internal and external factors. SWOT ANALYSIS OF ELECDYNE Before we do a swot analysis of Elecdyne first we should what actually swot analysis isSWOT analysis is basically method to look at the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of any company. Usually we do swot analysis just to see at the internal and external environment of the country just to analyze the environment that whether the conditions are favorable or not. This technique was created by Albert Humphrey. PEST ANALYSIS Before doing pest analysis first we should know about pest analysis. PEST analysis has 4 things in it which are Political, Economic, Social and Technological. The reason of doing it is to know about the macro environment. â€Å"In analysing the macro-environment, it is important to identify the factors that might in turn affect a number of vital variables that are likely to influence the organization’s supply and demand levels and its costs† (Kotter and Schlesinger, 1991; Johnson and Scholes, 1993). â€Å"PEST analysis is a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations.† (Kotler 1998) Final Recommendations: The above analysis shows the current situation of Elecdyne and it shows that the company is in a very bad position. To get out of such situation the company needs to make some strategies and these strategies are discussed below: As we know that Elecdyne is working in the Japanese market since the last 20 years and so they have a pretty good knowledge about Japanese market. Their experience can play a vital role in operating in that huge market. First of all they have to do some research and find out that what type of products do customer need and should focus on that. As Elecdyne is not very much advanced in the technology so of course they should also focus on the technology. For example now Blu-ray technology is getting very common in the world and Japan being a very advance country in technology so Elecdyne should focus on improving the technology in its products. Another problem that Elecdyne is facing that its losing its key employs and it should focus on retaining them. Elecdyne needs a cheap labour which is very difficult to find in Japan because in Japan the wage rate is very high so Elecdyne needs to relocate their location and look for some place where there is very cheap wage rate and they should also look for low price raw material so that the production cost can also reduce. Recently japan has been from the worst disaster of earthquake so Elecdyne can also focus on the CSR activity by which their name can also be known in the social activity in Japan. Elecdyne should also focus on technology for selling its products all around the world and the best way of doing that is the internet. If people from all around the world can get access to the rpoducts of Elecdyne so their sale can increase but as I have mentioned above that they should try to reduce the prices of their products because the biggest competitor Elecdyne has is Sony which is a huge name in world and of course if the products of Sony and Elecdyne will be of same price so people will definitely prefer Sony but if Elecdyne products will be cheaper so people might choose the products of Elecdyne. The main strategies that Elecdyne should focus on are as follows: Relocation of production where there is cheap labour and raw material. Should improve the technology. Make easy access of their products all around the world through the internet. SECTION 2 Elecdyne is a Japanese company which is operating in Tokyo and currently only selling their products to the local market. As the current situation of the company is below average and it has stopped growing since the last 2 year and due to that it has start losing its key employs to their competitors. Now the company is focusing on internationalization and looking to relocate the company and want to minimize its cost. They are looking for cheap labour rate and cheap raw material which is not possible in Japan because Japan labour rates are high. The employs of Elecdyne are well educated and most of them have done their higher education from USE, CANADA and UK which clearly means that when going internationally English landguage is not going be an issue for the emplos. As I have mentioned before that main reason of going to another country is to minizing the cost. METHODOLOGY The method that will be used is PEST analysis which actually focuses on the macro environment of the country. INTERNATIONALIZATION After having lots of discussions and meetings among the top management the three countries that they have decided to choose are, China India Brazil CHINA China is one of the biggest countries of the world having the area of (3,705,407 sq mi) (wikipedia.com) with the biggest population (1.3 billion) (google.com 2011). China currently has the GDP of $4.99 trillion (google.com) with a growth rate of 9% (tradingeconomics.com). China today is one of the biggest industries of producing goods because of its cheap labour and huge man power. The policies of Chinese government are relatively easy and most of the products are produced or assembled in China. When investing in China the companies 1st should look at the Marco environment of the country and for doing that pest analysis is the best way of doing that. INDIA India again is one of the biggest countries of the with the population of 1.17 billion (google.com) with the total land of 1,269,219 (sq mi) which is 7th in world (Wikipedia.com). Since the last decade India’s economy has been boosting up doing to lots of foreign investments. The GDP of India is 1.31 trillion US dollars (google.com) with a growth rate of 8.3% and ranking 10th in the world as far as growth rate is concern. In India when companies want to invest so there are no complications when it comes to the government policies because the companies only need to report to RBI (Reserve Bank of India). The Indian government also support the FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) and the taxes on the business sector are not very high so this also gives a relief to the foreign investment. India has a very huge man power as they are 17.3% of the world population (Wikipedia.com) and due to this the labour rate in India is relatively cheaper than other countries of the world. To see this in more details the pest analysis of India will give a much better idea of the Macro environment of the country. PoliticalEconomic Government supports the FDI For industries taxes are very low. No precedning approval needed. The company only has to report to RBI(Reserve Bank of India) within 30 days of foreign investment Labour is relatively cheaper Has enough man power Boost in the GDP in last decade ($1.31 Trillion US dollars) SocialTechnological Can decrease the unemployment in the country. Has a rapid increase in the technology in the last decade. BRAZIL Brazil is another country whose economy is boosting up. We have talked about India and China but Brazil’s economy is also rapidly increasing and currently its GDP is $1.57 Trillion US dollars (google.com) and the rate from which it is increasing is with the rate of 0.7% (tradingeconomics.com) in the last year. The government of Brazil is inviting the international business which is resulting in less employment and increase in the economy. The trading policies are also not very strict and taxes for trading are relatively low. The only issue that Elecdyne can have is Brazil is very far away from Japan and the cost in the logistics will be high. The government of Brazil also supports the FDI To see that Brazil will be a good option for Elecdyne to invest here is the pest analysis of Brazil. COUNTRY OF INVESTMENT As we have done pest analysis of 3 countries to find out that in which we have to invest and by doing that what I will recommend is to invest in India. India is one of the biggest democratic country of the world. The very first reason of doing this is the tax rate of India on the business is very low and India government is still looking for foreign companies to invest in their country and the biggest reason of doing is to decrease the unemployment from the country. Being the 2nd biggest country in the world (as far as population is concern) the employment in India is still a problem with the people of India. The only problem that Elecdyne might have in India is there is some corruption in the government. If we see into this so this may not effect Elecdyne but still there might be a possibility that this might affect the company. Another factor that India has a very low labour rate and if we compare the currency of India and Japan so there is not a very huge difference but if we comp are the currencies of other countries that we have analysed so India will be the cheapest. When it comes to logistics so the distance between the two countries is not too much. The transportation that can be used are, rail, trucks, plane etc. India is a very advance country and they also have technology and if Elecdyne need some technology they can import it without worrying of high taxes. When investing in India Elecdyne is not require to wait for a long time all they have to to do id the report to the RBI( Reserve Bank of India) just before the 30 days of investment. Since the last 6 or 7 years now the stability in India is very good and companies who have invested in India have minimize their cost and due to a huge population in India the number of buyers have increased. The biggest competitor of Elecdyne is Sony and as we discussed above that Elecdyne have to minimize the price of its products so that people prefer their products because of low price there are people in India wh o are price oriented rather than quality so in my opinion India is the best country to invest. REFERENCES Albert Humphrey (1960s) Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis (Accessed on 26th march 2011) Kotter and Schlesinger (1991), Johnson and Scholes (1993) Available at: http://www.coursework4you.co.uk/essays-and-dissertations/pest-analysis.php ( Accessed on 26th march 2011) Earthquake-report.com (2011) Available at: http://earthquake-report.com/2011/03/16/catdat-estimated-direct-loss-after-japan-tsunami-100-billion-us/ (Accessed on 26th march 2011). Wkipedia.org(2011) Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_area (Accessed on 27th march 2011). Google.com(2011) Available at: http://www.google.com/publicdata?ds=wb-wdimet=ny_gdp_mktp_cdidim=country:CHNdl=enhl=enq=what+is+the+gdp+of+china (Accessed on 27th march 2011). Trading economics.com Available at: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/Economics/GDP-Growth.aspx?Symbol=CNY (Accessed on 27th march 2011) Google.com(2011) Available at: http://www.google.com/publicdata?ds=wb-wdimet=sp_pop_totlidim=country:INDdl=enhl=enq=what+is+the+population+of+india (Accessed on 27th march 2011). Google.com Available at: http://www.google.com/publicdata?ds=wb-wdimet=ny_gdp_mktp_cdidim=country:INDdl=enhl=enq=what+is+the+gdp+of+india (Accessed on 27th march 2011) Indexmudi.com Available at: http://www.indexmundi.com/india/gdp_real_growth_rate.html (Accessed on 27th march 2011) Wikipedia.com Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population (Access on 27th march 2011). Google.com Available at: http://www.google.com/publicdata?ds=wb-wdimet=ny_gdp_mktp_cdidim=country:BRAdl=enhl=enq=gdp+of+brazil (Accessed on 27th march 2011). tradingeconomics.com Available at: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/Economics/GDP-Growth.aspx?Symbol=BRL (Accessed on 27th march 2011) How to cite Strategic Analysis (SWOT and PEST) of Elecdyne, Essay examples

Macbeth Analysis Essay Thesis Example For Students

Macbeth Analysis Essay Thesis Macbeth In Shakespeares lifetime he wrote many plays. Many of them werecritically acclaimed and others cast aside. The crowd always wanted to be morethoroughly entertained and Shakespeare always tried to keep up with thepeoples needs. In 1605, Shakespeare was being hounded for another work ofgenius. Hamlet and King Lear had just been completed and the people of Englandbegged for more. He knew not of what to write and like many playwrights did someresearch. He found two stories from Hollinsheds Chronicles of England,Scotland and Ireland. Shakespeare had already taken some ideas from there forhis plays like Henry IV and Henry V. William decided to combine the reign ofMacbeth and the murder of King Duff by Donwald and his wife, altering both tosuit his needs. Macbeth is by far the shortest play that William Shakespearewrote. The main reason why this is so is not because Shakespeare did not havemuch to say, but because King James was so impatient. Macbeth was writtenbasically for the kin g. In fact, the emphasis on witchery was because King Jamesso heavily believed in sorcery. Shakespeare worried very much about the evilpowers insulting the king. After all was said and done, Macbeth was anotherbarrier to be broken in the great scheme of performances. It was an instantsuccess. King James and the court loved it along with England. No offenses weremade from Malcolm needing help from England. Shakespeare feared that James wouldbe offended by that. From that moment on Macbeth would be known by all. Yet thepeople begged for more and hoped Macbeth would be out done by another astoundingplay. Shakespeare wondered how such a task could be accomplished. What was itabout Macbeth that made it loved by everyone? Shakespeares style has beenanalyzed by many and some still can not figure it out. His poetry has influencedhis plays immensely. Apart from the fascinating characters of the two leadingroles, the plays chief attraction is it wonderful poetry. Scarcely a word iswasted, and vivid images tumble after each other in a stream of color and ideas(Ross 43). Shakespeare put great thought into what he wanted to write and hisfeelings expressed themselves through the stylistic devices of tone,characterization, and symbolism. Shakespeares characterization of Macbethexonerates the impact he had on the play. The tone in Macbeth remains sinisterand depressing throughout the play. Symbolism, on the other hand, kept thetragedy in tact, and if understood, revealed the whole play in the verybeginning of her pages. The character of Macbeth profoundly effects the play, bymeans of transpiring his actions to hurt others. If looking at thecharacteristics of good and evil, it makes the reader wonder what makes a persongood or evil. Evil is not born into people, but it is the only option they haveleft. Three features we have seen stand out clear in the general conception ofMacbeth. There is his eminently practical nature, which is the key to the whole. And the absence in him of the inner life adds two special features: one is hishelplessness under suspense, the other is the activity of his imagination withits susceptibility to supernatural terrorsHis practical power develops ascapacity for crimehis mind is as scorpions; it is tortured in restlessecstasy. Suspense has undermined his judgment and brought on him the gamblersfeverThe third feature in Macbeth is the quickening of his sensitiveness tothe supernatural side by side with the deadening of his conscienceIn thereaction from the murder of Banquo the supernatural appearance-which no eye seesbut his own-appears more real to him than the real life around him. And fromthis point he seeks the supernatural, forces it to disclose its terrors, andthrusts himself into an agonized vision of generations that are to witness thetriumph of his foes. (Moulton 335-337) Moulton knows what he is talking about. .u5f0fd718b2281737a333d88807fc5f9c , .u5f0fd718b2281737a333d88807fc5f9c .postImageUrl , .u5f0fd718b2281737a333d88807fc5f9c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5f0fd718b2281737a333d88807fc5f9c , .u5f0fd718b2281737a333d88807fc5f9c:hover , .u5f0fd718b2281737a333d88807fc5f9c:visited , .u5f0fd718b2281737a333d88807fc5f9c:active { border:0!important; } .u5f0fd718b2281737a333d88807fc5f9c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5f0fd718b2281737a333d88807fc5f9c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5f0fd718b2281737a333d88807fc5f9c:active , .u5f0fd718b2281737a333d88807fc5f9c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5f0fd718b2281737a333d88807fc5f9c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5f0fd718b2281737a333d88807fc5f9c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5f0fd718b2281737a333d88807fc5f9c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5f0fd718b2281737a333d88807fc5f9c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5f0fd718b2281737a333d88807fc5f9c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5f0fd718b2281737a333d88807fc5f9c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5f0fd718b2281737a333d88807fc5f9c .u5f0fd718b2281737a333d88807fc5f9c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5f0fd718b2281737a333d88807fc5f9c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Effect O N Cont. Theater EssayMacbeth was heavily influenced by supernatural forces. In fact, were it not forthem he might be living a happy and content life. The witches had a profoundaffect on him. He soon found himself in a world where he wanted to know more andmore and the weird women were the only ones who could satisfy his hunger. Macbeth went from a man who served everyone but himself to a man who served onlyhimself. The one thing that Macbeth had that meant the most to him was his wife. Lady Macbeth is his world. For a man who shows so much hate, gives a lot oflove. They are one of the greatest pairs of lovers that ever existed. There is aspot where the reader can obviously pick up the dramatic change Macbeth wentthrough. Seyton: The queen, my lord, is dead. Macbeth: She should have diedhereafter; There would have been a time for such a word (Shakespeare, Act V,Scene V). His wife, his love, his world had died and he did not even care. Theway he just disregarded her lets the readers know that he is a changed man, andnot for the better. His desire to be unstoppable and all powerful was whatkilled him. His ambition clouded his once clever mind to where he could not lookpast the apparitions prophecies. From the very first words, the tone revealsitself as drab and murky. It is thundering and lightning in the very beginningand rainstorms automatically give the readers an eerie feeling. A.C. Bradleystates Darkness, we may even say blackness, broods over this tragedy. It is remarkable that almost all the scenes which at once recur to memory take placeeither at night or in some dark spot. The vision of the dagger, the murder ofDuncan, the murder of Banquo, the sleep-walking of Lady Macbeth, all come innight scenes (Bradley 266). Bradley is merely stating that the atmosphereremains uniform. There are a few places where the dreary mood is blanketed bythings that appear to be happy. When Macbeth arrives home, Lady Macbeth seems soenthusiastic to see him. She really is excited to see him, but beneath herhappiness is a plot of deceit and murder. Lady Macbeth: Your face, my thane, isas a book, where men may read strange matters:-To beguile the time, look likethe time; bear welcome in your eye, your hand, your tongue: look like theinnocent flower, but be the serpent under it (Shakespeare, Act 1, Scene III). She is telling him that his face can easily be read and that he needs to actlike normal, but underneath to be cunning. This passage takes an almost cheerymoment and takes it back to a world full of betrayal. Another place where gaietyis almost achieved is toward the very end of the book. Malcolm: We willperform in measure, time, and place: So thanks to all at once, and to each one,Whom we invite to see us crownd at Scone (Shakespeare, Act V, Scene VII). All seems merry, but if thought about it, the reader can easily see that troubleawaits. Malcolm has just defeated Macbeth. However, he did not do this all onhis own.. He had help from England in defeating. England would not send troopsin to help fight a war all for nothing. They will soon try to recaptureScotland. Therefore, the happy ending is not really going to endhappily ever after.

Vocaloid Technology and Japanese Anime Culture Essay Example For Students

Vocaloid Technology and Japanese Anime Culture Essay In modern Japan, popular musics are always related to idols as being one of the Japanese social mainstreams. For the consumers, most of the idols are popular due to their stage appearances and visual attractions rather than their musical or vocal skills. However, there is one additional technique that Japanese use to produce unique idols and tend to distinguish them from other common idols. They are manufacture idols, which are good examples of how Japanese make new innovations in their pop culture. Manufacture idols system is a combination of anime-like characters and the technology in Japan. Both of these factors are huge in Japan and are well combined in other field of works. With the great novelty and the visual attractions behind the idea, manufacture idols become very popular in Japan; and because anime and technology are two widespread cultures in Japan, their combination make the manufacture idols system carry a very uniquely Japanese style. Japan has huge technological industries as its recent technology fast developed. The Japanese are likely and even proud to use technological productions, and many of the creative ideas are based on their technology. We will write a custom essay on Vocaloid Technology and Japanese Anime Culture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Similarly, Manufacture idols came from a technological software called â€Å"Vocaloid†. Vocaloid is originated from the singing synthesizer system which dates back to â€Å"a research by Kelly et al in 1962 when there have been various singing synthesizers proposed since then, whether they are commercial or noncommercial† (Kenmochi, 2012). However, Kenmochi (2012) also indicates that â€Å"those singing synthesizers have not been widely used in musical creation, although some musicians experimentally utilized them in their music. Later on, Japan became one of the countries that tended to develop this type of technology. â€Å"Since 2007, there has been a big boom of musical contents using singing synthesis software especially in Japan† while â€Å"amateur musicians use singing synthesis software to create their original compositions. (Kenmochi, 2012). Vocaloid was developed by Yamaha Corporation which is a Japanese multinational corporation, and it came out as a commercial singing synthesis software and are widely used in Japan. Yet, According to Kenmochi and Ohshita’s article (2007) Vocaloid is not released by Yamaha Corp. â€Å"Yamaha licenses the technology and software to third-party companies. Those companies develop and release their own singer library bundled with the Vocaloid software. Since 2004, five products have been released with Vocaloid version 1 so far: â€Å"Leon†, â€Å"Lola†, and â€Å"Miriam† from Zero-G Limited, UK, and â€Å"Meiko† and â€Å"Kaito† from Crypton Future Media, Japan† (Kenmochi Ohshita, 2007). These first released Vocaloid characters (known as Vocaloid 1) have different voices and appearance, and they are divided to different language categories as some of them were released by the British company and others were released by the Japanese company. The voices of these characters were not completely artificial. Instead, the producers collected the sample voices from certain singers or voice actors first, and then produced the singer library. Musicians with certain musical knowledge and technique could make musics by using Vocaloid, and they could choose to make musics for certain characters based on their preference on looks or voices. Vocaloid consists of three parts. Score Editor provides an environment in which the user can input notes, lyrics, and optionally some expressions; Singer Library, mentioned previously, is a database of samples (mostly diphones) extracted from real people’s singing; and Synthesis Engine receives score information, selects necessary samples from Singer Library and concatenates them. Kenmochi Ohshita, 2007) Later on, more and more characters came out in Japan released either by companies such as Crypton Future Media or on the Internet. These new characters are known as Vocaloid 2 and the second generation of Vocaloid software, and they embodied the same technology used in Vocaloid 1. Eventually, in 2007, Vocaloid technique and its characters became a huge boom in Japanese pop culture. Many music production teams in Japan started to make songs for these characters, and these producers are known as characters’ masters. Moreover, as the first Vocaloid 2 character Hatsune Miku came out followed by various Vocaloid characters, more and more amateur musicians (especially those who like electronic musics) joined to make Vocaloid musics; more anime fans started to support such products; and more other audiences appeared to be interested in such innovations. Different characters came out with different Vocaloid software and are released by different companies and medias. The productions began to play a big role in the music market in Japan. Like Goto says in his research â€Å"As music synthesizers generating various instrumental sounds are already widely used and have become indispensable to popular music production, it is historically inevitable that singing synthesizers will become more widely used and likewise indispensable to music production† (Goto). How technology naturally involved in Japanese music is indeed incredible. As we perceive in the naming of Hatsune Miku which could translated to â€Å"the first sound from the future†, we simply discover how Japanese producers and audiences strongly pursue the advanced technology. However, the fascination of the technology is not only manifested in the scientific technique that is used in Vocaloid, but is also displayed in the way people make the anime characters doing vivid musical movements and expressions like humans. As Hatsune Miku and other Vocaloid characters were developed to music and game market, besides the technological success in some human-like elements reflected in their singing such as breathiness, portamento, etc. hey are required to have dance movements, gestures and even facial expressions. Nevertheless, as she sometimes appears in 3D image, Hatsune Miku is very different from both real humans and most of two dimensional anime figures. Thus, she is like a robot on the computer that is more likely to be stiff, and it is very hard to make her and other characters move as smooth and lively as humans or two dimensional anime characters do. Yet, creators took efforts to make their characters mimic the musical gestures and expressions of humans. .ua72cdfef41455d89e34d59399e918c7a , .ua72cdfef41455d89e34d59399e918c7a .postImageUrl , .ua72cdfef41455d89e34d59399e918c7a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua72cdfef41455d89e34d59399e918c7a , .ua72cdfef41455d89e34d59399e918c7a:hover , .ua72cdfef41455d89e34d59399e918c7a:visited , .ua72cdfef41455d89e34d59399e918c7a:active { border:0!important; } .ua72cdfef41455d89e34d59399e918c7a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua72cdfef41455d89e34d59399e918c7a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua72cdfef41455d89e34d59399e918c7a:active , .ua72cdfef41455d89e34d59399e918c7a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua72cdfef41455d89e34d59399e918c7a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua72cdfef41455d89e34d59399e918c7a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua72cdfef41455d89e34d59399e918c7a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua72cdfef41455d89e34d59399e918c7a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua72cdfef41455d89e34d59399e918c7a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua72cdfef41455d89e34d59399e918c7a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua72cdfef41455d89e34d59399e918c7a .ua72cdfef41455d89e34d59399e918c7a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua72cdfef41455d89e34d59399e918c7a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Japanese Gardens in the United States EssayFrom my perspective, this process is very similar to another scientific process relates to movements of musical robots although it is easier to make 3D characters do human-like movements than a real robot. Similar to the Vocaloid characters, Japanese also concern about the vividness among the robotic movement of musical robots. â€Å"Humanoid robots are polyvalent, and thus are perfect platforms for synthesizing the work from specialized, disparate domains. The idea is to develop a general ‘emotional intelligence’–an ability to express emotion in music as well as speech, gesture, and other modalities. (Lim, Og ata, Okuno, 2012) For instance, musical robots should imitate some natural habit of human musicians when they are playing music. â€Å"Human musicians naturally use visual cues such as eye contact and instrument movement to coordinate with fellow ensemble players, similar to conductors who use their batons to indicate beats. In fact, a study on clarinetist’s movements found that â€Å"movements related to structural characteristics of the piece (e. g. tempo)† were consistently found among player subjects. Movements included â€Å"tapping of one’s foot or the moving of the bell up and down to keep rhythm. Although we do not claim that all musicians use movements when performing, we believe that identifying common, natural gestures is a starting point to using vision as a human-robot interface. † (Lim, Mizumoto, Cahier, Otsuka, Takahashi, Komatani, Okuno, 2010). Likewise, Vocaloid characters are required to do human-like gestures when they are singing and dancing in games and perform at concerts. In this case, Japanese producers did a good job on creating dancing movements and facia l expressions for these characters by using advanced animation technology. They led the Vocaloid character (especially Hatsune Miku) to be on the stage like real idols by using the advanced 3D technology, and unfolded the vivid impressions of characters before their audiences’ eyes. â€Å"Although Hatsune Miku is a virtual singer, she has already had live concerts with human musicians in Japan, USA, and Singapore† (Goto). Although these characters have not reached the state of doing movements and expressions exactly the same as real humans, they appeal to their consumers very positively for their almost lively human-like characteristics. Moreover, the advanced animation technique in Japan definitely helps Japanese producers approach the goal, as the anime culture being one of the most popular social phenomenons in Japan’s market. Vocaloid characters are popular not only because of their unique singing style that is distinguished from humans’ voices, but also because of their anime appearance. For example, Hatsune Miku, the most representative Vocaloid character in Japan, was actually just a simple print on the Vocaloid software package at the beginning. However, such simple illustration has enough visual attractions to Japanese due to Japan’s widespread anime culture. Before games and concerts of Vocaloid characters came out, people had very few information about these characters. The only information they gained was the characters’ personalities which is portrayed in some typical published songs written by these characters’ â€Å"masters†. Therefore, amateur anime artists made videos of characters dancing and singing, and sometimes they tended to post their work on some popular website in Japan. People draw and post different illustrations of Hatsune Miku. Then people started to create videos, such as promotion videos for musicians, with such original songs and drawings. Some people even create 3D models of Hatsune Miku and create 3D animation videos. † (Hamasaki, Takeda, Nishimura, 2008). Apparently, it was not the production companies who promoted the idea of making the characters visually alive; it was the audiences who involved into animation works and advanced computer technology at first. Such phenomenon reflects that how Japanese, especially the younger generation, are highly involved in modern technology and animation as two of their social mainstreams. After such a huge impact happened to the consumers of Vocaloid characters, many more corporations and companies were involved to various productions of making animation images of Vocaloid characters. Some game companies such as PENTA and Tones Studio made Hatsune Miku a game character or made her sing one of the background songs in the games. Other CD company such as Frontier Works recorded some old songs, but some of them were sung by Hatsune Miku. Additionally, as more and more people continue using Vocaloid characters to sing their favorite or original songs, some amateur singers even sing the characters’ original songs and post them online. The website that receives most of these posts is called Nico Nico Douga, which is the most popular video sharing website in Japan. The websites’ basic service mostly resembles that of YouTube, besides most of the posts are animation work as â€Å"Douga† means animation in Japanese. What is more interesting than YouTube, is that â€Å"a user can add comments about a specific playback time at a specific position in the video which gives people a sense of sharing the viewing experience virtually. Furthermore, the creator can instantly know which specific moment or specific scene is appreciated by a viewer† (Hamasaki, Takeda, Nishimura, 2008). Videos relates to Vocaloid stuff are usually categorized as â€Å"hot topic† on this website. Such popularity on an animation website implies that Vocaloid system manifests the interaction between audiences and Japanese anime culture. Moreover, Characters like Hatsune Miku are always engaged with Japanese anime culture even they do not have any story or background. Anime fans can easily create stories, images and even personality for them according to the contexts among their well-known songs. â€Å"voice-generating software called Vocaloid, which makes anime-like songs in the voice of an imaginary character called Hatsune Miku (lit. â€Å"first sound of the future†), inspired fans to develop images, stories and videos around the synthetic voice. .u6b7866e8ca6348177d28302e26bb228f , .u6b7866e8ca6348177d28302e26bb228f .postImageUrl , .u6b7866e8ca6348177d28302e26bb228f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6b7866e8ca6348177d28302e26bb228f , .u6b7866e8ca6348177d28302e26bb228f:hover , .u6b7866e8ca6348177d28302e26bb228f:visited , .u6b7866e8ca6348177d28302e26bb228f:active { border:0!important; } .u6b7866e8ca6348177d28302e26bb228f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6b7866e8ca6348177d28302e26bb228f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6b7866e8ca6348177d28302e26bb228f:active , .u6b7866e8ca6348177d28302e26bb228f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6b7866e8ca6348177d28302e26bb228f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6b7866e8ca6348177d28302e26bb228f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6b7866e8ca6348177d28302e26bb228f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6b7866e8ca6348177d28302e26bb228f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6b7866e8ca6348177d28302e26bb228f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6b7866e8ca6348177d28302e26bb228f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6b7866e8ca6348177d28302e26bb228f .u6b7866e8ca6348177d28302e26bb228f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6b7866e8ca6348177d28302e26bb228f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Today, Telecommunications Technology Affects Lives To A Greater Degree EssayThere is even a blog that tracks the best fan-made music videos featuring this character† (Condry, 2009). Such enthusiasm among anime fans reflects the connection between Hatsune Miku and Japanese anime culture. In Japan, it is very common to consider a virtual idol like Hatsune Miku as popular even though she does not have any musical or vocal skill. Japanese audiences always have obsessions with visual attractions. Not every idol have to be good at singing or instruments, but popular idols are always good-looking, cute or sexually attractive. Hatsune Miku, with cute anime looking, is attractive to a lot of Japanese heterosexual male fans. However, as she being an anime character, she is still different from other living idols. For one thing, Hatsune Miku is never separated from the engagement with the consumers. To be more specific, living idols engage with their audiences when they perform on the stage or acting certain roles, but they separate from their public images when they come back to their private life. â€Å"stars have an existence in the world independent of their screen/ â€Å"fiction† appearances, it is possible to believe. hat as people they are more real than characters in the stories. † (Dyer, 1998) On the contrary, as a virtual character as most of anime characters are, Hatsune Miku has devoted everything to her fans. She does everything that satisfies her consumers and keeps her pure and ideal image. Such characteristic is very common in Japanese anime culture and is quite fascinating for a nime fans and especially for otaku. â€Å"Otaku, which translates to the English term nerd, was a slang term used by amateur manga artists and fans themselves in the 1980s to describe weirdos (henjin). The original meaning of otaku is your home and, by association, you, yours, and home (Kinsella, 1998). When normal anime fans like to talk to each other about their common interests, anime otaku people prefer just engaging with two dimensional or virtual anime characters. Although otaku culture is strange from an American perspective, it is still somehow considered as a symbol of contemporary Japanese society, as it reflects a popular phenomenon in Japanese younger generation. Otaku came to represent a younger generation so intensely individu-alistic they had become dysfunctional, a generation of ‘isolated people who no longer have any sense of isolation. ’ The dysfunctionality of otaku proved the unhealthy nature of individualistic lifestyles† (Kinsella, 1998). In this case, Vocaloid characters are tied to otaku culture because of their two dimensional or virtual images. â€Å"the virtual idols very clearly ties together the otaku obsession with computer technolo gy, animation technology, robotic or otherwise artificial bodies and the kind of femininity presented by the living idol† (Black, 2012). Male anime otaku are usually obsessed with bishojo(pretty girls in Japanese) in animation works like Hatsune Miku, because â€Å"the virtual idol can satisfy fan desires in the way that living idols can not† (Black, 2012) Thus, Vocaloid certainly has an attractions towards anime fans and otaku, which can be another engagement between Vocaloid and anime culture. On the other hand, for anime fans or even other audiences, the gender interpretation appears to be more ideal on virtual characters. Choo mentioned that anime girls are more ideal with big eyes and smooth skin, and sometimes they involve in sexualized images in the contexts. In addition, anime boys are more attractive for female consumers because of their slim bodies and pretty faces (Choo, 2008). Therefore, with the same gender oriented attraction, Vocaloid characters gain more attentions from their heterosexual fans, and have more advantages because of their anime imagery. In conclusion, Vocaloid is an extremely representative symbol of Japanese pop culture. Among many music forms in Japan, Vocaloid music reflects how Japanese is good at making innovations, as they blend advanced cyber technology and Japanese anime culture. However, the novelty inside this music form is explicit not only due to the genius combination, but also due to the reactions from the Japanese consumers. As we watch Hatsune Miku’s 3D image dancing on the stage with hundred thousands of living fans, we can simply realize how Japanese audiences support their technology and anime culture. Bibliography: Black, D. (2012). The Virtual Idol: Producing and Consuming Digital Femininity.Idols and Celebrity in Japanese Media Culture, 209. Choo, K. (2008). Girls Return Home: Portrayal of Femininity in Popular Japanese Girls’ Manga and Anime Texts during the 1990s in Hana yori Dango and Fruits Basket.  Women: a cultural review,  19(3), 275-296. Condry, I. (2009). Anime Creativity Characters and Premises in the Quest for Cool Japan.  Theory, Culture Society,  26(2-3), 139-163. Dyer, R., McDonald, P. (1998).  Stars. BFI Pub.. Page 8. Goto, M. Grand Challenges in Music Information Research}}.  Multimodal Music Processing},  3, 217-226. IEEE. Hamasaki, M., Takeda, H., Nishimura, T. (2008, October). Network analysis of massively collaborative creation of multimedia contents: case study of hatsune miku videos on nico nico douga. In  Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Designing interactive user experiences for TV and video  (pp. 165-168). ACM. Kenmochi, H. (2012, March). Singing synthesis as a new musical instrument. In  Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 2012 IEEE International Conference on  (pp. 5385-5388). IEEE. Kenmochi, H., Ohshita, H. (2007). Vocaloid–commercial singing synthesizer based on sample concatenation.  Proc. Interspeech 2007, 4011-4010. Kinsella, S. (1998). Japanese subculture in the 1990s: Otaku and the amateur manga movement.  Journal of Japanese Studies, 289-316. Lim, A., Mizumoto, T., Cahier, L. K., Otsuka, T., Takahashi, T., Komatani, K., Okuno, H. G. (2010, October). Robot musical accompaniment: integrating audio and visual cues for real-time synchronization with a human flutist. InIntelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2010 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on  (pp. 1964-1969). Lim, A., Ogata, T., Okuno, H. G. (2012). Towards expressive musical robots: a cross-modal framework for emotional gesture, voice and music.  EURASIP Journal on Audio, Speech, and Music Processing,  2012(1), 3.